Earlier this year I had some research published on the demand for college football, where the paper looked at college football as a two part tariff (price) where someone who wanted to go to a college football game needs to pay a membership fee (athletic club) and then pay to buy the ticket for a seat. I found that not including the membership fee in the analysis results in consumers looking like they are price inelastic and if you do include the membership fee then college football fans are price elastic.
Recently Rob Baumann and myself were interviewed as to why attendance is dropping for college football (in FBS). Here is a link to that report: At the end of the audio report it mentions that more college football stadiums are offering alcohol for legally aged general admission spectators. My current research says that selling alcohol at FBS stadiums does NOT significantly affect attendance.
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
NCAA FBS Freedom of Information (Public or Open) Records Requests
For those of you who are interested in making Freedom of Information (Public or Open) Records Requests, here is a list of Football Bowl Subdivision universities (by state) and a internet link as to how to proceed to make the request. I am sure over time some of these links will change, so if you find a broken link, just let me know.
Alabama (state law only applicable to Alabama "citizens")
Auburn University
University of Alabama
University of Alabama-Birmingham
University of South Alabama
Troy University
Arkansas (state law only applicable to Arkansas "citizens")
Arkansas State University
University of Arkansas
Arizona
Arizona State University
University of Arizona
California
California State University - Fresno State
San Diego State University
San Jose State University
Stanford University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
University of California - Berkeley
University of California - Los Angeles
University of Southern California - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Colorado
Air Force Academy - CURRENTLY NOT SUBJECT TO PUBLIC RECORDS REQUESTS
Colorado State University
University of Colorado
Connecticut
University of Connecticut
Florida
Florida Atlantic University
Florida International University
Florida State University
University of Central Florida
University of Florida
University of South Florida
University of Miami - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Georgia
Georgia Tech University
Georgia State University
Georgia Southern University
University of Georgia
Hawai'i
University of Hawai'i at Manoa
Iowa
Iowa State University
University of Iowa
Idaho
Boise State University
University of Idaho
Illinois
Northern Illinois University
Northwestern University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Indiana
Ball State University
Indiana University
Purdue University
University of Notre Dame - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Kansas
Kansas State University
University of Kansas
Kentucky
University of Kentucky
Western Kentucky University
University of Louisville
Louisiana
Louisiana Tech
Louisiana State University
Louisiana (Lafayette)
Louisiana-Monroe
Massachusetts
Boston College - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
University of Massachusetts
Maryland
Naval Academy - CURRENTLY NOT SUBJECT TO PUBLIC RECORDS REQUESTS
University of Maryland
Michigan
Central Michigan University
Eastern Michigan University
Michigan State University
University of Michigan
Western Michigan University
Minnesota
University of Minnesota
Missouri
University of Missouri-Columbus
Mississippi
Mississippi State University
Southern Mississippi University
University of Mississippi
North Carolina
Appalachian State University
North Carolina State University
University of North Carolina-Charlotte
University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
Nebraska
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
New Jersey
Rutgers University
New Mexico
New Mexico State University
University of New Mexico
Nevada
University of Nevada-Reno
University of Nevada-Las Vegas
New York
Army West Point - CURRENTLY NOT SUBJECT TO PUBLIC RECORDS REQUESTS
Syracuse University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
University of Buffalo
Ohio
Bowling Green State University
Kent State University
Ohio State University
Ohio University
University of Akron
University of Cincinnati
University of Toledo
Oklahoma
Oklahoma State University
University of Oklahoma
University of Tulsa - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Oregon
Oregon State University
University of Oregon
Pennsylvania (state law makes public universities exempt from public record requests)
Pennsylvania State University
Temple University
University of Pittsburgh
South Carolina (state law only applicable to South Carolina "citizens")
Clemson University
Coastal Carolina University
University of South Carolina
Tennessee (state law only applicable to Tennessee "citizens")
Middle Tennessee State University
University of Memphis
University of Tennessee-Knoxville
Texas
Baylor University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Rice University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Southern Methodist University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Texas A&M
Texas Christian University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Texas State University
Texas Tech University
University of Texas-Austin
University of Texas-El Paso
University of Texas-San Antonio
University of Houston
University of North Texas
Utah
Brigham Young University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
University of Utah
Utah State University
Virginia (state law only applicable to Virginia "citizens")
Liberty University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Virginia Tech University
University of Virginia
Washington
University of Washington - Seattle Campus
Washington State University
West Virginia
Marshall University
West Virginia University
Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Wyoming
University of Wyoming
Alabama (state law only applicable to Alabama "citizens")
Auburn University
University of Alabama
University of Alabama-Birmingham
University of South Alabama
Troy University
Arkansas (state law only applicable to Arkansas "citizens")
Arkansas State University
University of Arkansas
Arizona
Arizona State University
University of Arizona
California
California State University - Fresno State
San Diego State University
San Jose State University
Stanford University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
University of California - Berkeley
University of California - Los Angeles
University of Southern California - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Colorado
Air Force Academy - CURRENTLY NOT SUBJECT TO PUBLIC RECORDS REQUESTS
Colorado State University
University of Colorado
Connecticut
University of Connecticut
Florida
Florida Atlantic University
Florida International University
Florida State University
University of Central Florida
University of Florida
University of South Florida
University of Miami - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Georgia
Georgia Tech University
Georgia State University
Georgia Southern University
University of Georgia
Hawai'i
University of Hawai'i at Manoa
Iowa
Iowa State University
University of Iowa
Idaho
Boise State University
University of Idaho
Illinois
Northern Illinois University
Northwestern University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Indiana
Ball State University
Indiana University
Purdue University
University of Notre Dame - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Kansas
Kansas State University
University of Kansas
Kentucky
University of Kentucky
Western Kentucky University
University of Louisville
Louisiana
Louisiana Tech
Louisiana State University
Louisiana (Lafayette)
Louisiana-Monroe
Massachusetts
Boston College - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
University of Massachusetts
Maryland
Naval Academy - CURRENTLY NOT SUBJECT TO PUBLIC RECORDS REQUESTS
University of Maryland
Michigan
Central Michigan University
Eastern Michigan University
Michigan State University
University of Michigan
Western Michigan University
Minnesota
University of Minnesota
Missouri
University of Missouri-Columbus
Mississippi
Mississippi State University
Southern Mississippi University
University of Mississippi
North Carolina
Appalachian State University
North Carolina State University
University of North Carolina-Charlotte
University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
Nebraska
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
New Jersey
Rutgers University
New Mexico
New Mexico State University
University of New Mexico
Nevada
University of Nevada-Reno
University of Nevada-Las Vegas
New York
Army West Point - CURRENTLY NOT SUBJECT TO PUBLIC RECORDS REQUESTS
Syracuse University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
University of Buffalo
Ohio
Bowling Green State University
Kent State University
Ohio State University
Ohio University
University of Akron
University of Cincinnati
University of Toledo
Oklahoma
Oklahoma State University
University of Oklahoma
University of Tulsa - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Oregon
Oregon State University
University of Oregon
Pennsylvania (state law makes public universities exempt from public record requests)
Pennsylvania State University
Temple University
University of Pittsburgh
South Carolina (state law only applicable to South Carolina "citizens")
Clemson University
Coastal Carolina University
University of South Carolina
Tennessee (state law only applicable to Tennessee "citizens")
Middle Tennessee State University
University of Memphis
University of Tennessee-Knoxville
Texas
Baylor University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Rice University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Southern Methodist University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Texas A&M
Texas Christian University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Texas State University
Texas Tech University
University of Texas-Austin
University of Texas-El Paso
University of Texas-San Antonio
University of Houston
University of North Texas
Utah
Brigham Young University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
University of Utah
Utah State University
Virginia (state law only applicable to Virginia "citizens")
Liberty University - PRIVATE UNIVERSITY (not subject to public records requests)
Virginia Tech University
University of Virginia
Washington
University of Washington - Seattle Campus
Washington State University
West Virginia
Marshall University
West Virginia University
Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Wyoming
University of Wyoming
Monday, August 19, 2019
Which FBS teams have Stadium Wide Alcohol Availabilty?
Recently, the WSJ had an article regarding the sale of alcohol and its impact on college football attendance. The conclusion was that alcohol sales should help college football attendance. I am skeptical. First of all, the number of FBS schools that now allow general admission alcohol sales to legally aged spectators has been increasing over the last few years (from 25 in 2012 to 70 (currently) in 2019), while at the same time average attendance has been falling over the same time period. Second, unpublished research of mine suggests that general admission alcohol sales at FBS stadiums has no statistically significant effect on college football attendance, which is the same conclusion found by Chastian, Gohmann & Stephenson in the Journal of Sports Economics for three "Group of Five" conferences during the 2005 to 2012 seasons.
Below is a list of FBS teams that allow general admission alcohol sales, the year in which general admission alcohol sales began and a link on each team's name for the source that I used to determine if alcohol sales are allowed and the year in which it began. My links are not 100% complete, as I cant find the original article stating that UNLV allowed alcohol sales in 1971; but I feel that the list is accurate. Of course, more FBS teams may allow (or revoke) alcohol sales to general admission spectators in the future. I plan to update this blog as new information becomes available. If you find any errors, please look over the link first, and then let me know about the error.
FBS School and Year Began/Re-newed
Air Force 2017
Akron 2012
Arizona 2018
Arizona State 2018
Arkansas 2019
Boston College 2018
Bowling Green 2008
California 2019
Charlotte 2019
Cincinnati 2007 (at least since 2007)
Colorado 2018
Colorado State 1976
Connecticut 2009 (maybe earlier than this)
East Carolina 2019
Florida Atlantic 2014
Fresno State 2017 [allowed before 2006; not allowed from 2006 - 2016]
Georgia State 2013
Hawai'i 2004 (at least since 2004)
Houston 1998
Illinois 2019
Indiana 2019
Kent State 2009
Louisiana-LaFayette (Louisiana) 2009
Louisiana-Monroe 2013
Louisiana State University (LSU) 2019
Louisville 1998
Marshall 2017
Maryland 2015
Massachusetts 2012 (at least since 2012)
Memphis 2009
Miami (FL) (at least since 2004)
Miami (OH) 2016
Minnesota 2012 [(at least) 2000 - 2008 allowed; 2009 - 2011 not allowed]
Missouri 2019
Nevada 1992
New Mexico 2016
New Mexico State 2015
North Carolina 2019
North Carolina State 2019
North Texas 2014
Northern Illinois 2015
Ohio 2017
Ohio State 2016
Oklahoma 2019
Oklahoma State 2018
Oregon 2018
Oregon State 2018
Pittsburgh 2016
Purdue 2017
Rice 2015
Rutgers 2019
San Diego State at least since 2004
San Jose State 2017 [2004-2012 allowed; 2013-2016 not allowed]
Southern Methodist (SMU) 2014
South Alabama 2012 [will continue for its on campus stadium in 2020]
South Florida 2018
Syracuse 1980
Temple 2004 (at least since 2004)
Tennessee 2019
Texas 2015
Texas A&M 2019
Texas State 2016
Texas Tech 2019
Toledo 2013
Troy 2014
Tulane 2014
Tulsa 2016
UAB 2018
UNLV 1971
UTEP 2012
UTSA 2009
Vanderbilt 2019
Wake Forest 2016
Western Kentucky 2012
West Virginia 2011
Wyoming 2017
Below is a list of FBS teams that allow general admission alcohol sales, the year in which general admission alcohol sales began and a link on each team's name for the source that I used to determine if alcohol sales are allowed and the year in which it began. My links are not 100% complete, as I cant find the original article stating that UNLV allowed alcohol sales in 1971; but I feel that the list is accurate. Of course, more FBS teams may allow (or revoke) alcohol sales to general admission spectators in the future. I plan to update this blog as new information becomes available. If you find any errors, please look over the link first, and then let me know about the error.
FBS School and Year Began/Re-newed
Air Force 2017
Akron 2012
Arizona 2018
Arizona State 2018
Arkansas 2019
Boston College 2018
Bowling Green 2008
California 2019
Charlotte 2019
Cincinnati 2007 (at least since 2007)
Colorado 2018
Colorado State 1976
Connecticut 2009 (maybe earlier than this)
East Carolina 2019
Florida Atlantic 2014
Fresno State 2017 [allowed before 2006; not allowed from 2006 - 2016]
Georgia State 2013
Hawai'i 2004 (at least since 2004)
Houston 1998
Illinois 2019
Indiana 2019
Kent State 2009
Louisiana-LaFayette (Louisiana) 2009
Louisiana-Monroe 2013
Louisiana State University (LSU) 2019
Louisville 1998
Marshall 2017
Maryland 2015
Massachusetts 2012 (at least since 2012)
Memphis 2009
Miami (FL) (at least since 2004)
Miami (OH) 2016
Minnesota 2012 [(at least) 2000 - 2008 allowed; 2009 - 2011 not allowed]
Missouri 2019
Nevada 1992
New Mexico 2016
New Mexico State 2015
North Carolina 2019
North Carolina State 2019
North Texas 2014
Northern Illinois 2015
Ohio 2017
Ohio State 2016
Oklahoma 2019
Oklahoma State 2018
Oregon 2018
Oregon State 2018
Pittsburgh 2016
Purdue 2017
Rice 2015
Rutgers 2019
San Diego State at least since 2004
San Jose State 2017 [2004-2012 allowed; 2013-2016 not allowed]
Southern Methodist (SMU) 2014
South Alabama 2012 [will continue for its on campus stadium in 2020]
South Florida 2018
Syracuse 1980
Temple 2004 (at least since 2004)
Tennessee 2019
Texas 2015
Texas A&M 2019
Texas State 2016
Texas Tech 2019
Toledo 2013
Troy 2014
Tulane 2014
Tulsa 2016
UAB 2018
UNLV 1971
UTEP 2012
UTSA 2009
Vanderbilt 2019
Wake Forest 2016
Western Kentucky 2012
West Virginia 2011
Wyoming 2017
Labels:
NCAA
Wednesday, August 14, 2019
Does the English Premier League have a Competitive Balance Problem?
Recently, the Wall Street Journal addressed concerns about the competitiveness of the English Premier League (paywall). So let's take a look at the numbers. First, I calculated the Noll-Scully measure of competitive balance for the last decade in the English Premier League.
Since the English Premier League has "draws" or ties, the Noll-Scully competitive balance measure must be calculated with the trinomial distribution, which as Richardson shows in his Eastern Economic Journal article, the idealized standard deviation is [(1-p)4n]^(1/2); where n is the number of games played and p is the probability of balanced teams tying. The number of games played is simple, its 38. The calculation of p is not as simple. Here, I have to make a determination. What I did was to look at the last (approximately) 20% of the season, and calculate the number of games teams that finished 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th in the EPL final table, in which those teams tied. Then I took the average of those four teams to calculate p.
Using data from [https://datahub.io/sports-data/english-premier-league#resource-season-1819], the Noll-Scully Competitve Balance measure reveals the following:
As you can see, the English Premier League has been becoming less competitive since the 2015/16 season. Yet, is it a problem? That is much harder to definitively answer. Overall, it seems to me that an economic problem exists if the league becoming less competitive results in a significant decrease in attendance, revenues and viewership. That doesn't seem to be the case, so even with the EPL recently becoming less competitive, it is not a problem.
For those interested in the actual numbers, see below.
Since the English Premier League has "draws" or ties, the Noll-Scully competitive balance measure must be calculated with the trinomial distribution, which as Richardson shows in his Eastern Economic Journal article, the idealized standard deviation is [(1-p)4n]^(1/2); where n is the number of games played and p is the probability of balanced teams tying. The number of games played is simple, its 38. The calculation of p is not as simple. Here, I have to make a determination. What I did was to look at the last (approximately) 20% of the season, and calculate the number of games teams that finished 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th in the EPL final table, in which those teams tied. Then I took the average of those four teams to calculate p.
Using data from [https://datahub.io/sports-data/english-premier-league#resource-season-1819], the Noll-Scully Competitve Balance measure reveals the following:
As you can see, the English Premier League has been becoming less competitive since the 2015/16 season. Yet, is it a problem? That is much harder to definitively answer. Overall, it seems to me that an economic problem exists if the league becoming less competitive results in a significant decrease in attendance, revenues and viewership. That doesn't seem to be the case, so even with the EPL recently becoming less competitive, it is not a problem.
For those interested in the actual numbers, see below.
Season | Noll-Scully |
2009/10 | 3.104 |
2010/11 | 2.469 |
2011/12 | 3.178 |
2012/13 | 3.141 |
2013/14 | 3.808 |
2014/15 | 3.066 |
2015/16 | 2.826 |
2016/17 | 3.507 |
2017/18 | 3.584 |
2018/19 | 4.086 |
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